1989 The Berlin Wall German troops began dismantling the 28-year-old symbol of the cold war.

1977 First test-tube baby Louise Joy Brown is conceived.

1975 The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald The ore carrier sinks during a storm on Lake Superior. None of the 29 crew members survived. Gordon Lightfoot's 1976 #2 hit was based on this tragedy.

1951 First transcontinental direct-dial telephone service Service begins, requiring only 18 seconds to make the connection.

1911 The Carnegie Foundation is established with a $25,000,000 grant from Andrew Carnegie to carry on his philanthropic work.

1871 "Dr. Livingstone, I presume?" Henry Stanley finds Scottish explorer Frank Livingstone in Africa, prompting the famous query.

1808 Osage Treaty The Osage Indians cede nearly all of what is now Missouri and Arkansas north of the Arkansas River with the signing of the treaty.

1799 Napoleon Bonaparte The French military leader becomes the First Consul of France.

1775 U.S. Marine Corps The military organization is established during the American Revolution.

1766 Rutger's University Queen's College at New Brunswick is chartered, later changing its name to Rutger's University.

4004 B.C. Garden of Eden Adam and Eve are ejected from the garden - as calculated in 1658 by Archbishop James Ussher of Armagh, Ireland.

1959 MacKenzie Phillips American actress. TV: One Day at a Time (Julie).

1956 Sinbad (David Adkins), American comic, actor. TV: The Sinbad Show.

1949 Donna Fargo (Yvonne Vaughn), American Grammy-winning country singer. Music: The Happiest Girl in the Whole U.S.A. (1972, #1, Grammy), Funny Face (1972, #1), Superman (1973, #1), and That Was Yesterday (1977, #1).

1948 Vincent Schiavelli d. 2005 American actor. Film: One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975), Fast Times at Ridgemont High (1982, Mr. Vargas the biology teacher), Ghost (1990, the sad-eyed subway ghost). TV: The Corner Bar (Peter Panama, the first sustained gay character on network American TV). His distinctive looks were due to Marfan syndrome.

1948 Greg Lake British bass player, singer, with Emerson, Lake and Palmer. Music: Lucky Man (1970), Tarkus (1971), Brain Salad Surgery (1974), and I Believe In Father Christmas (1975).

1935 Roy Scheider American actor. Film: French Connection (1971), Jaws (1975), and All That Jazz (1979).

1925 Richard Burton d. 1984 (Richard Jenkins, Jr.), British Tony-winning actor. Film: Cleopatra (1963, Mark Antony), The Spy Who Came in from the Cold (1965), and Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? (1966). TV: Wuthering Heights (Heathcliff).

1919 Mikhail Kalashnikov Russian firearms designer, inventor of the AK-47 assault rifle.

1909 Johnny Marks d. 1985 songwriter. Wrote: The Red-Nosed Reindeer, and Rockin' Around the Christmas Tree,  A Holly Jolly Christmas, and Run Rudolph Run even though he was Jewish.

1893 John Phillips Marquand d. 1960 American Pulitzer-winning author. Writings: The Late George Apley (1937, Pulitzer). He also created the Japanese detective Mr. Moto.

1889 Claude Rains d. 1967 English actor. Film: The Invisible Man (1933, title role) and Casablanca (1942, the police chief).

1880 Sir Jacob Epstein d. 1959 British sculpture, known for his controversial sculptures, including Venus (1917) and Adam (1939).

1728 Oliver Goldsmith d. 1774 Irish poet, author. Writings: The Vicar of Wakefield (1766), The Deserted Village (1770), and She Stoops to Conquer (1773, one of the greatest comedies in English literature).

1683 George II d. 1760 King of Great Britain and Ireland (1727-60).

1483 Martin Luther d. 1546 German religious reformer. His stand on the Bible led to the formation of the Lutheran Church. He was excommunicated (1521) from the Roman Catholic Church for challenging the church's doctrines.

1992 Chuck Connors b. 1921 American actor. TV: The Rifleman (Lucas McCain). Before acting he played for the Boston Celtics and became the first NBA player to shatter a backboard (1946). He went on to play baseball for the Brooklyn Dodgers and Chicago Cubs.

1982 Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev b. 1906 Soviet statesman, head of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1964-82).

1964 Jimmy Dodd b. 1910 (James Wesley Dodd), American actor, leader of the Mouseketeers on the Mickey Mouse Club (1955-59) and composer of the opening theme song, The Mickey Mouse March.

1938 Mustafa Kemal Ataturk b. 1881 Turkish patriot, Father of the Turks, founder and first president of the Turkish Republic.

1843 John Trumbull b. 1756 American soldier, painter of the American Revolution. Paintings: Signing of the Declaration of Independence, The Surrender of Cornwallis, The Resignation of Washington.

1549 Paul III b. ???? Italian religious leader, 220th Pope (1534-49).

1241 Celestine IV b. ???? Italian religious leader, 179th Pope (Oct. - Nov. 1241).

461 Saint Leo I b. ???? Italian religious leader, 45th Pope (440-461). In 452 he convinced Attila to leave Italy without attacking Rome.

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